风险投资与高新技术产业R＆D投入——基于典型相关分析的中国数据实证

从风险投资这一金融视角,以1995-2011年中国风险投资与高新技术产业R＆D投入的样本数据为研究对象,采用典型相关分析方法,实证分析风险投资与R＆D投入之间的相互关系,研究结果表明,风险投资与高新技术产业R＆D投入之间具有显著的正相关关系;风险投资主要反映在风险投资总规模上,R＆D投入主要反映在新产品开发经费支出、 R＆D经费内部支出等自主技术创新方面。风险投资与R＆D投入中的技术引进、技术购买支出呈负相关关系,相对于外部技术,风险投资更青睐投资风险性极高的原始技术创新领域。风险投资会增加新产品开发、 R＆D内部经费、 R＆D人员等自主创新方面投入,R＆D自出创新投入增加会导致更多风险资本进入。     

A Method for Identifying Actors in a Knowledge Based Cluster

The objective of the paper is to develop a method through which we can identify the actors (industrial, institutional and individual) who are active in technology development in the same or similar knowledge fields. The paper is, thus, aimed to make a methodological contribution to the literature, which has emerged on the systemic nature of innovation. The method involves broadening out from a starting point in a specific patent class, which corresponds as closely as possibly to the technological area of interest, to a set of related patent classes by using co-classifications and citations. After close scrutiny of both patent classes and patents, the actors in the new classes, as well as in the original class, are then identified. We try out the method on radio wave antennas for communication technology in Sweden. We find a range of firms and other actors in a whole set of industries, which bear little relation to one another in an input-output sense. Although we cannot ascertain the extent of linkages or relations between these actors, our hypothesis is that they constitute a cluster around radio wave antenna technology in Sweden.     

Marshallian Externalities And The Emergence And Spatial Stability Of Technological Enclaves *

Technological dualism often is found to be associated with the geographical clustering of firms that use the same techniques. To shed further light on these localization phenomena, we analyze the long-run dynamic behavior of a system in which firms' choices among alternative production methods (each of which requires a technique-specific input) are influenced by both firm-specific random shocks and Marshallian ‘industrial neighborhood’ effects. The latter are local factor market externalities that tend to lower the relative marginal costs d those inputs that are used most extensively in the immediate locale. The model developed here focuses on labor market externalities affecting the supply conditions for workers with technology-specific skills, and their effect on the choices made by producers at various sites whose choice of technique is subject to periodic revisions. A special structure familiar in the applied theory of Markov random fields, the stochastic Ising model. provides a reduced-form representation of this dynamic spatial system. The general properties of models of this type and their application in economics are considered. Discrete time numerical simulations of the behavior of an ensemble of firms (located at the nodes of a finite lattice formed on a two-dimensional (orus) shows that positive neighborhood externalities effects do not necessarily result in the uniquitous diffusion of one of the two available technologies. Instead. this system exhibits a spatially localized form of ‘technological dualism," in which at least two technological enclaves emerge and undergo path-dependent evolution. The temporal durations of these spatial patterns in technology adoption are affected by parameters of the Ising model that can be given a straightforward economic interpretation     

R ＆ D投入与企业成长的相关性研究述评

创新是企业赖以生存和发展的关键因素,而创新的动力源于企业的R＆D投入,因此,R＆D投入与企业的成长密切相关。目前,与此相关的研究很多,在回顾、梳理大量文献的基础上提出未来研究方向是很有必要的。因此,首先,针对企业成长性的界定及其评价指标的相关文献进行了回顾与梳理,在分析企业成长性相关概念的同时,阐释了对其的理解,在此基础上,指出了对企业成长起着关键作用的是创新,而R＆D是创新的原动力,这就凸显了R＆D与企业成长的密切关系;其次,根据对企业成长性的理解,着重归纳和梳理R＆D投入与企业增长以及企业价值关系,并做出了相应的评述;最后,通过分析已有文献,认为在研究R＆D投入对企业成长能力和潜力的影响时,运用财务与非财务相结合的方法,应该是一个很有价值的研究方向。     

Structural Change of European Dairy Farms – A Cross‐Regional Analysis

Previous analyses of dairy farm structural change focus on the variation over time in one or a small number of regions. We present an EU‐15 cross‐regional analysis of the development of dairy farm numbers in different size classes over the period 1995–2005. Our purpose is to measure the explanatory relevance and effect of key factors suggested in the theoretical and empirical literature on structural change. Apart from the unprecedented scope, the underlying Markov chain analysis also contributes by combining observed transitions in micro (farm level) data with macro (sector level) data on farm numbers. Results show widely significant impacts of most considered explanatory variables, but also reflect and illuminate the complexity of the underlying processes.     

Welfare impacts of maize–pigeonpea intensification in Tanzania

This article examines the driving forces behind farmers’ decisions to adopt improved pigeonpea and maize and estimates the causal impact of technology adoption on household welfare using data obtained from a random cross‐section sample of 613 small‐scale farmers in Tanzania. We use seemingly unrelated and recursive bivariate probit regressions to test the endogeneity and joint decision making of pigeonpea–maize production. A double hurdle model is used to analyze the determinants of the intensity of technology adoption conditional on overcoming seed access constraints. To address the impact of adoption on welfare, the article employs both propensity score matching and switching regression techniques. Results from bivariate probit models show that unobservable factors cause both decisions to be correlated but the finding does not support the conjecture that both decisions are made jointly. Overall the analysis of the determinants of adoption identifies inadequate local supply of seed, access to information, human capital, and access to private productive asset as key constraints for pigeonpea technology adoption. The causal impact estimation from both the propensity score matching and switching regression suggests that maize/pigeonpea adoption has a positive and significant impact on income and consumption expenditure among sample households.     

评价与优选线路设计方案的DEA方法

根据数据包络分析方法的特点,提出了运用DEA模型对线路设计方案进行评价与优选,阐述了应用的步骤。通过实例验证了方法的可行性与有效性,并可得出非有效方案的缺陷所在,提出改进措施,为决策者提供更多管理信息。     

Rising trade costs? Agglomeration and trade with endogenous transaction costs

Abstract.  While transport costs have fallen, the empirical evidence also points at rising total trade costs. In a model of industry location with endogenous transaction costs that seeks to replicate features from the machinery industry, we show how and under which conditions a decline in transport costs can lead to an increase in the total cost of trade. The subtle relationship between (endogenous) transport costs and the sensitivity of trade to distance is also explored.     

提升采购绩效的途径和方法

本文简要阐明了企业经营过程中如何提升采购绩效，指出了向采购要绩效的途径和方法，系统地论述了采购绩效目标、途径、方法、评估、监管，介绍了采购绩效的具体操作方法，并用案例量化指标评估，基本观点具有鲜明的时尚特点，突出实用性和专业性，给相关工作人员提出了诸多思路和亮点。     

An empirical analysis of the growth of it enterprises in China

The paper makes an empirical analysis to the main factors effecting IT corporate growth-human resource and R＆D. By using data of China＇s listed IT companies, we focus on the relationship among corporate value （net return of equity, ROE） or development of corporate value （Tobin＇s Q） and manager＇s salary, R＆D fee, R＆D employee, etc. The conclusion shows that development of corporate value （Tobin＇s Q） has positive correlativity with the plurality of board chairman and general manager, independent directors＇ proportion, R＆D fee, and R＆D employees while it is non-obvious positive with salary of superior managers, holding stocks of general manager, capital investment, and negative with corporate scale. The conclusion is accordant with the development status of Chinese IT corporation.